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cAMP ( http://www.xrefer.com/entry/487135 ) is a derivative of ATP that is widespread in animal cells as a second messenger in many biochemical reactions induced by hormones. Upon reaching their target cells, the hormones activate adenylate cyclase, the enzyme that catalyses cyclic AMP production. Cyclic AMP ultimately activates the enzymes of the reaction induced by the hormone concerned. Cyclic AMP is also involved in controlling gene expression and cell division, in immune responses, and in nervous transmission .
Cyclic AMP-dependent Protein Kinase The balance between protein kinases and phosphatases plays a key role in regulating many cellular functions. Disturbing this balance can lead to disease or tumor formation. Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (cAPK) was the first kinase to have its 3-D structure solved by X-ray crystallographic methods, and in many ways, cAPK is a paradigm for the entire kinase family. This VRML model from the MICE project highlights the cAPK functional units.
Adenylyl Cyclase Adenylyl cyclase is the enzyme that synthesizes cyclic adenosine monophosphate or cyclic AMP from adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Cyclic AMP functions as a "second messenger" to relay extracellular signals to intracellular effectors such as protein kinase A, and regulation of intracellular concentrations of cyclic AMP is largely a result in controlling adenylyl cyclase.
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Dopamine and the production of cyclic AMP Using the close-up view, explain what happens when dopamine binds to its receptor. When dopamine binds to its receptor, another protein called a G-protein (in pink) moves up close to the dopamine receptor. The G-protein signals an enzyme to produce cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) molecules (in green) inside the cell. [Sometimes the signal can decrease production of cAMP, depending on the kind of dopamine receptor and G-protein present.] Point to the dopamine receptor-G-protein/adenylate cyclase complex, and show how cAMP is generated when dopamine binds to its receptor. Indicate that cAMP (point to the cyclic-looking structures) controls many important functions in the cell including the ability of the cell to generate electrical impulses.
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Regulation of protein kinase and its regulatory subunits |
